Concrete Mathematics ==================== Hypergeometric terms -------------------- The center stage, in recurrence solving and summations, play hypergeometric terms. Formally these are sequences annihilated by first order linear recurrence operators. In simple words if we are given term `a(n)` then it is hypergeometric if its consecutive term ratio is a rational function in `n`. To check if a sequence is of this type you can use `is_hypergeometric` method which is available in Basic class. Here is simple example involving a polynomial: >>> from sympy import * >>> n, k = symbols('nk') >>> (n**2 + 1).is_hypergeometric(n) True Of course polynomials are hypergeometric but are there any more complicated sequences of this type? Here are some trivial examples: >>> factorial(n).is_hypergeometric(n) True >>> binomial(n, k).is_hypergeometric(n) True >>> rf(n, k).is_hypergeometric(n) True >>> ff(n, k).is_hypergeometric(n) True >>> gamma(n).is_hypergeometric(n) True >>> (2**n).is_hypergeometric(n) True We see that all species used in summations and other parts of concrete mathematics are hypergeometric. Note also that binomial coefficients and both rising and falling factorials are hypergeometric in both their arguments: >>> binomial(n, k).is_hypergeometric(k) True >>> rf(n, k).is_hypergeometric(k) True >>> ff(n, k).is_hypergeometric(k) True To say more, all previously shown examples are valid for integer linear arguments: >>> factorial(2*n).is_hypergeometric(n) True >>> binomial(3*n+1, k).is_hypergeometric(n) True >>> rf(n+1, k-1).is_hypergeometric(n) True >>> ff(n-1, k+1).is_hypergeometric(n) True >>> gamma(5*n).is_hypergeometric(n) True >>> (2**(n-7)).is_hypergeometric(n) True However nonlinear arguments make those sequences fail to be hypergeometric: >>> factorial(n**2).is_hypergeometric(n) False >>> (2**(n**3 + 1)).is_hypergeometric(n) False If not only the knowledge of being hypergeometric or not is needed, you can use ``hypersimp()`` function. It will try to simplify combinatorial expression and if the term given is hypergeometric it will return a quotient of polynomials of minimal degree. Otherwise is will return `None` to say that sequence is not hypergeometric: >>> hypersimp(factorial(2*n), n) 2 + 6*n + 4*n**2 >>> hypersimp(factorial(n**2), n)